Quoth Tama
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In order to get water from the wooden pipe to fight a fire with, the firemen had to dig up the water main in the street in order to drill a hole in the pipe. Needless to say, by the time that process was completed, the average London house could be totally engulfed in flames. Especially if you didn't know exactly where in the street to start digging.
Until some Smart Cookie came up with the brilliant idea of digging up the water line BEFORE there was a fire, drilling a hole in it ahead of time, and plugging the hole back up with a wooden PLUG long enough to reach the surface of the street, which could then be cut off flush with the surface of cobblestone paving, thereby serving the dual purpose of marking the position of the water main, and allowing the fire fighters to access the water without digging all the way down to the line itself.
TL;DR: the original Fire Plugs were just long wooden plugs in holes in the water lines.
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